Study of distributed energy resources



EOI: 10.11242/viva-tech.01.04.011

Download Full Text here



Citation

Prof. Chitralekha Vangala, "Study of distributed energy resources", VIVA-IJRI Volume 1, Issue 4, Article 11, pp. 1-5, 2021. Published by Computer Engineering Department, VIVA Institute of Technology, Virar, India.

Abstract

Increased demands on the nation's electrical power systems and incidences of electricity shortages, power quality problems, rolling blackouts, electricity spiked prices have caused many customers to seek other sources for high-quality and reliable electricity. Distributed Energy Resources (DER) small-scale power generation resources located close to where the electricity is used (e.g., a house or commercial sectors), provide an alternate source of energy. DER is a faster and less expensive option for the construction of large and central power plants and also high-voltage transmission lines. They offer consumers the potential for lower cost, higher service reliability, high power quality, increased energy efficiency, and energy independence. The use of renewable distributed energy generation technologies and "green power" such as wind, photovoltaic, geothermal, biomass, or hydroelectric power can also provide a significant environmental benefit.

Keywords

Distributed energy resource, electrical source, green power, power grid, renewable energy.

References

  1. E. van Ruitenbeek, J.C. Boemer, J.L. Rueda, and M. Gibescu et al., “A Proposal for New Requirements for the Fault Behaviour of Distributed Generation Connected to Low Voltage Networks,” presented at the 4th International Workshop on Integration of Solar Power into Power Systems, Berlin, Germany (10-11 November, 2014). Edited by Uta Betancourt and Thomas Ackermann. Langen: Energynautics GmbH,2014,http://integratedgrid.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/van-Ruitenbeek-Boemer-et-al.-2014-A-Proposal-for-New-Requirements.pdf.
  2. “Transmission System Planning Performance Requirements”, (NERC TPL-001-4), NERC, 2014.
  3. WECC Data Preparation Manual for Steady-State and Dynamic Base Case Data, Western Electricity Coordinating Council: October 2014, but as of writing, this is in the process of being replaced by the WECC Data Preparation Manual for Interconnection-wide Cases Applicable to the 2017 Base Case Compilation Schedule, https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC-Data-Preparation-Manual-Rev-7-Approved.pdf.
  4. WECC Solar Power Plant Dynamic Modeling Guidelines. WECC Renewable Energy Modeling Task Force. Western Electricity CoordinatingCouncil:April2014,https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Solar%20Plant%20Dynamic%20Modeling%20Guidelines.pdf
  5. Small Generator Interconnection Procedures (SGIP). For Generating Facilities No Larger Than 20 MW. RM13-2-000. FERC. September 19, 2009.
  6. California Public Utility Commission, “ELECTRIC RULE NO. 21: GENERATING FACILITY INTERCONNECTIONS,”. Accessed April 24, 2012, http://www.pge.com/tariffs/tm2/pdf/ELEC_RULES_21.pdf.
  7. “Draft Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems” (IEEE P1547/D3). IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21, 2016, http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547_revision/1547revision_ index.html.
  8. Interim Decision Adopting Revisions to, Electric Tariff Rule 21 For Pacific Gas and Electric Company Southern California Edison Company, and San Diego Gas & Electric Company to Require Smart Inverters, California Public Utilities Commission, December 18, 2014. Accessed January 21, 2015 at http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M143/K827/143827879.PDF. AppendixD: Transmission-Distribution Interface NERC | Distributed Energy Resources Task Force Report | February 2017-42
  9. German Government, “Verordnung zu Systemdienstleistungen durch Windenergieanlagen (Systemdienstleistungsverordnung – SDLWindV) (Ordinance for Ancillary Services of Wind Power Plants (Ancillary Services Ordinance - SDLWindV),” Federal Law Gazette I (no. 39) (2009): 1734–46, http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/inhalt/43342.
  10. Wind turbines - Part 27-1: Electrical simulation models – Wind turbines (IEC 61400-27-1). IEC ICS 27.180:2015, 2015.
  11. “Proposed Changes to the WECC WT4 Generic Model for Type 4 Wind Turbine Generators”, P. Pourbeik: Issued: 12/16/11 (revised 3/21/12, 4/13/12, 6/19/12, 7/3/12, 8/16/12, 8/17/12, 1/15/13, 1/23/13).Prepared under Subcontract No. NFT-1-11342-01 with NREL.
  12. IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies (IEEE Std 421.5-2005). IEEE, 2006.